Emkhakheni wokukhiqiza we-semiconductor, imodeli yokukhiqiza yokutshalwa kwezimali enkulu yendabuko, enenzuzo enkulu ibhekene noguquko olungenzeka. Ngombukiso ozayo we-"CEATEC 2024", i-Minimum Wafer Fab Promotion Organisation ikhombisa indlela entsha yokukhiqiza ye-semiconductor esebenzisa imishini yokukhiqiza ye-semiconductor encane kakhulu yezinqubo ze-lithography. Lokhu kusungula izinto ezintsha kuletha amathuba angakaze abonwe emabhizinisini amancane naphakathi nendawo (ama-SME) kanye nezinkampani ezintsha. Lesi sihloko sizohlanganisa ulwazi olufanele ukuhlola isizinda, izinzuzo, izinselele, kanye nomthelela ongaba khona wobuchwepheshe be-minimum wafer fab embonini ye-semiconductor.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor kuyimboni edinga kakhulu imali kanye nobuchwepheshe. Ngokwesiko, ukukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor kudinga amafektri amakhulu namakamelo ahlanzekile ukuze kukhiqizwe ngobuningi ama-wafer angu-12-intshi. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwefektri ngayinye enkulu ye-wafer kuvame ukufinyelela ku-2 trillion yen (cishe ama-RMB ayizigidigidi eziyi-120), okwenza kube nzima ngama-SME kanye nezinkampani ezintsha ukungena kulo mkhakha. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvela kobuchwepheshe be-wafer fab obuncane, lesi simo siyashintsha.
I-wafer fabs encane iyizinhlelo zokukhiqiza ze-semiconductor ezintsha ezisebenzisa ama-wafer angu-0.5-intshi, okunciphisa kakhulu isikali sokukhiqiza kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-wafer endabuko angu-12-intshi. Ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwale mishini yokukhiqiza kungama-yen ayizigidi ezingu-500 kuphela (cishe ama-RMB ayizigidi ezingu-23.8), okuvumela ama-SME kanye nezinkampani ezintsha ukuthi ziqale ukukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor ngokutshalwa kwezimali okuphansi.
Imvelaphi yobuchwepheshe be-minimum wafer fab ingalandelelwa emuva kuphrojekthi yocwaningo eyaqalwa yiNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) eJapane ngo-2008. Lo msebenzi uhlose ukudala umkhuba omusha ekukhiqizweni kwe-semiconductor ngokufeza ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo eziningi, ezincane. Lesi sinyathelo, esiholwa nguMnyango Wezomnotho, Ezohwebo Nezimboni waseJapan, sihilele ukubambisana phakathi kwezinkampani nezinhlangano zaseJapan ezingu-140 ukuthuthukisa isizukulwane esisha sezinhlelo zokukhiqiza, okuhloswe ukunciphisa kakhulu izindleko kanye nezithiyo zobuchwepheshe, okuvumela abakhiqizi bezimoto nemishini yasekhaya ukuthi bakhiqize ama-semiconductor nama-sensor abawadingayo.
**Izinzuzo Zobuchwepheshe Bokugcina I-Wafer Fab:**
1. **Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Okuncishisiwe Kakhulu Kwemali:** Izimpahla ezinkulu zendabuko ze-wafer zidinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okungaphezu kwamakhulu ezigidigidi zama-yen, kuyilapho ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhlosiwe kwezimpahla ezincane ze-wafer kuyi-1/100 kuya ku-1/1000 kuphela yaleyo mali. Njengoba idivayisi ngayinye incane, asikho isidingo sezindawo ezinkulu zefektri noma ama-photomasks okwakhiwa kwesekethe, okunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokusebenza.
2. **Amamodeli Okukhiqiza Aguquguqukayo Nahlukahlukene:** Imikhiqizo ye-wafer encane igxile ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yeqembu elincane. Le modeli yokukhiqiza ivumela ama-SME kanye nezinkampani ezintsha ukuthi zisheshe zenze ngokwezifiso futhi zikhiqize ngokwezidingo zazo, zihlangabezane nesidingo semakethe semikhiqizo ye-semiconductor eyenziwe ngokwezifiso nehlukahlukene.
3. **Izinqubo Zokukhiqiza Ezilula:** Imishini yokukhiqiza emishinini emincane ye-wafer inesimo nobukhulu obufanayo kuzo zonke izinqubo, futhi izitsha zokuthutha ze-wafer (ama-shuttle) zisebenza yonke indawo ngesinyathelo ngasinye. Njengoba imishini nama-shuttle esebenza endaweni ehlanzekile, asikho isidingo sokugcina amakamelo amakhulu ahlanzekile. Lo mklamo unciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nobunzima ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bendawo obuhlanzekile kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezilula.
4. **Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla Aphansi Nokusetshenziswa Kwamandla Ekhaya:** Imishini yokukhiqiza emishinini emincane ye-wafer nayo inokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi futhi ingasebenza ngamandla ajwayelekile e-AC100V endlu. Lesi sici sivumela la madivayisi ukuthi asetshenziswe ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwamakamelo ahlanzekile, okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezindleko zokusebenza.
5. **Imijikelezo Yokukhiqiza Efinyeziwe:** Ukukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor enkulu ngokuvamile kudinga isikhathi eside sokulinda kusukela ku-oda kuya ekulethweni, kuyilapho i-wafer fabs encane ingafeza ukukhiqizwa kwenani elidingekayo lama-semiconductor ngesikhathi esifanele ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esifunekayo. Le nzuzo ibonakala kakhulu emikhakheni efana ne-Internet of Things (IoT), edinga imikhiqizo ye-semiconductor emincane, exubile kakhulu.
**Ukubonakaliswa Nokusetshenziswa Kobuchwepheshe:**
Embukisweni we-"CEATEC 2024", i-Minimum Wafer Fab Promotion Organisation ibonise inqubo ye-lithography isebenzisa imishini yokukhiqiza ye-semiconductor encane kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sombukiso, kwahlelwa imishini emithathu ukuze kuboniswe inqubo ye-lithography, eyayihlanganisa ukumbozwa kokumelana, ukuvezwa, kanye nokuthuthukiswa. Isitsha sokuthutha i-wafer (i-shuttle) sasibanjwe ngesandla, safakwa emishinini, futhi sasebenza ngokucindezela inkinobho. Ngemva kokuqedwa, i-shuttle yathathwa yabekwa kudivayisi elandelayo. Isimo sangaphakathi kanye nenqubekela phambili yedivayisi ngayinye kwaboniswa kuma-monitor awo.
Lapho lezi zinqubo ezintathu seziqediwe, i-wafer yahlolwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope, kwembulwa iphethini enamagama athi "Happy Halloween" kanye nomfanekiso wethanga. Lo mboniso awuzange nje ubonise ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-wafer fab obuncane busebenza kahle kodwa futhi waqokomisa ukuguquguquka kwayo kanye nokunemba kwayo okuphezulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinkampani seziqalile ukuzama ubuchwepheshe be-minimum wafer fab. Isibonelo, i-Yokogawa Solutions, inkampani engaphansi kwe-Yokogawa Electric Corporation, yethule imishini yokukhiqiza elula futhi ejabulisa ubuhle, cishe ngobukhulu bomshini wokuthengisa iziphuzo, ngamunye uhlonyiswe ngemisebenzi yokuhlanza, ukufudumeza, kanye nokuvezwa. Le mishini yakha ngempumelelo umugqa wokukhiqiza we-semiconductor, futhi indawo encane edingekayo emgqeni wokukhiqiza we-"mini wafer fab" ingama-player amabili kuphela, i-1% nje yendawo ye-wafer fab engamasentimitha angu-12.
Kodwa-ke, ama-wafer fabs amancane okwamanje ayahluleka ukuncintisana namafektri amakhulu e-semiconductor. Imiklamo yesekethe esezingeni eliphezulu, ikakhulukazi kubuchwepheshe benqubo obuthuthukisiwe (njenge-7nm nangaphansi), isathembele emishinini ethuthukisiwe kanye namakhono okukhiqiza amakhulu. Izinqubo ze-wafer ezingama-intshi angu-0.5 zama-wafer fabs amancane zifaneleka kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amadivayisi alula, njengezinzwa kanye ne-MEMS.
Ama-wafer fab amancane amelela imodeli entsha ethembisayo kakhulu yokukhiqiza ama-semiconductor. Abonakala ngokunciphisa i-aturization, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nokuguquguquka, kulindeleke ukuthi ahlinzeke ngamathuba amasha emakethe kuma-SME nezinkampani ezintsha. Izinzuzo zama-wafer fab amancane zibonakala kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza njenge-IoT, izinzwa, kanye ne-MEMS.
Esikhathini esizayo, njengoba ubuchwepheshe bukhula futhi bukhuthazwa kakhulu, i-minimum wafer fabs ingaba amandla abalulekile embonini yokukhiqiza ye-semiconductor. Abagcini nje ngokuhlinzeka amabhizinisi amancane ngamathuba okungena kulo mkhakha kodwa futhi bangase bashukumise izinguquko esakhiweni sezindleko kanye namamodeli okukhiqiza embonini yonke. Ukufeza lo mgomo kuzodinga imizamo eyengeziwe kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono, kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-ecosystem.
Ekugcineni, ukukhuthazwa okuphumelelayo kwe-minimum wafer fabs kungaba nomthelela omkhulu embonini yonke ye-semiconductor, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokuhlukahluka kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka, ukuguquguquka kwenqubo yokukhiqiza, kanye nokulawula izindleko. Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwalobu buchwepheshe kuzosiza ekuqhubekiseleni phambili ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nentuthuko embonini ye-semiconductor yomhlaba wonke.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-14-2024