Kuthatha izinyathelo ezintathu ukufaka indlovu esiqandisini. Ngakho-ke uyifaka kanjani inqwaba yesihlabathi kukhompyutha?
Yiqiniso, esikubhekisela kukho lapha akusiso isihlabathi esisogwini lolwandle, kodwa isihlabathi esingavuthiwe esisetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-chips. "Ukumba isihlabathi ukuze wenze ama-chips" kudinga inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi.
Isinyathelo 1: Thola Izinto Zokusetshenziswa
Kuyadingeka ukukhetha isihlabathi esifanele njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Ingxenye eyinhloko yesihlabathi esivamile nayo yi-silicon dioxide (SiO₂), kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwama-chip kunezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu ngobumsulwa be-silicon dioxide. Ngakho-ke, isihlabathi se-quartz esinobumsulwa obukhulu kanye nokungcola okuncane ngokuvamile kukhethwa.
Isinyathelo 2: Ukuguqulwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa
Ukuze kukhishwe i-silicon emsulwa kakhulu esihlabathini, isihlabathi kumele sixutshwe ne-magnesium powder, sishiswe ekushiseni okuphezulu, bese i-silicon dioxide yehliswa ibe yi-silicon emsulwa ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kokunciphisa amakhemikhali. Bese ihlanzwa ngezinye izinqubo zamakhemikhali ukuze kutholakale i-silicon yezinga le-elekthronikhi enokuhlanzeka okufika ku-99.9999999%.
Okulandelayo, i-silicon yezinga le-elekthronikhi idinga ukwenziwa ibe yi-silicon eyodwa yekristalu ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho besakhiwo sekristalu seprosesa. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokufudumeza i-silicon ehlanzekile kakhulu ibe yisimo esincibilikisiwe, ukufaka ikristalu yembewu, bese uyijikeleza kancane kancane bese uyidonsa ukuze yakhe ingot eyodwa yekristalu eyodwa yekristalu.
Ekugcineni, i-single crystal silicon ingot isikwa ibe ama-wafer amancane kakhulu kusetshenziswa i-diamond wire saw bese ama-wafer epholishwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo ibushelelezi futhi ayinasici.
Isinyathelo 3: Inqubo Yokukhiqiza
I-silicon iyisici esibalulekile samaphrosesa ekhompyutha. Ochwepheshe basebenzisa imishini yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu njengemishini ye-photolithography ukwenza ngokuphindaphindiwe izinyathelo ze-photolithography kanye nokuqopha ukwakha izendlalelo zamasekethe namadivayisi kuma-wafer e-silicon, njengokuthi "ukwakha indlu." I-wafer ngayinye ye-silicon ingathwala amakhulu noma ngisho nezinkulungwane zama-chips.
Indwangu ibe isithumela ama-wafer aqediwe esitshalweni sokucubungula kusengaphambili, lapho i-diamond saw isika khona ama-wafer e-silicon abe yizinkulungwane zama-rectangles alinganayo anobukhulu be-nail, ngalinye lawo eliyi-chip. Bese, umshini wokuhlunga ukhetha ama-chip afanelekile, bese ekugcineni omunye umshini uwafaka ku-reel bese uwathumela esitshalweni sokupakisha nokuhlola.
Isinyathelo 4: Ukupakisha Kokugcina
Esikhungweni sokupakisha nokuhlola, ochwepheshe benza izivivinyo zokugcina ku-chip ngayinye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isebenza kahle futhi ilungele ukusetshenziswa. Uma ama-chip ephumelela ukuhlolwa, afakwa phakathi kwesinki yokushisa kanye ne-substrate ukuze kwakheke iphakheji ephelele. Lokhu kufana nokufaka "isudi yokuzivikela" ku-chip; iphakheji yangaphandle ivikela i-chip ekulimaleni, ekushiseni ngokweqile, nasekungcoleni. Ngaphakathi kwikhompyutha, leli phakheji lidala uxhumano lukagesi phakathi kwe-chip nebhodi lesifunda.
Kanjalo nje, zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yama-chip eqhuba umhlaba wezobuchwepheshe seziqediwe!
I-Intel kanye Nokukhiqiza
Namuhla, ukuguqulwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zibe izinto eziwusizo noma eziyigugu kakhulu ngokukhiqiza kuyinto ebalulekile ekushayeleni umnotho womhlaba. Ukukhiqiza izimpahla eziningi ngezinto ezincane noma amahora ambalwa okusebenza kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle komsebenzi kungandisa kakhulu inani lomkhiqizo. Njengoba izinkampani zikhiqiza imikhiqizo eminingi ngesivinini esikhulu, inzuzo kulo lonke uchungechunge lwebhizinisi iyanda.
Ukukhiqiza kuyisisekelo se-Intel.
I-Intel yenza ama-semiconductor chips, ama-graphics chips, ama-motherboard chipsets, namanye amadivayisi ekhompyutha. Njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor kuba nzima kakhulu, i-Intel ingenye yezinkampani ezimbalwa emhlabeni ezingaqedela kokubili ukuklama okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokukhiqiza ngaphakathi.
Kusukela ngo-1968, onjiniyela be-Intel nososayensi banqobe izinselele ezibonakalayo zokupakisha ama-transistors amaningi abe ama-chip amancane namakhulu. Ukufeza lo mgomo kudinga ithimba elikhulu lomhlaba wonke, ingqalasizinda yefektri ehamba phambili, kanye nesistimu yokusebenza eqinile yochungechunge lokuhlinzeka.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza be-semiconductor be-Intel bushintsha njalo eminyakeni embalwa. Njengoba kwabikezelwa uMthetho kaMoore, isizukulwane ngasinye semikhiqizo siletha izici eziningi kanye nokusebenza okuphezulu, sithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, futhi sinciphisa izindleko ze-transistor eyodwa. I-Intel inezindawo eziningi zokukhiqiza nokuhlola ukupakisha ama-wafer emhlabeni jikelele, ezisebenza kunethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke eguquguqukayo kakhulu.
UKUKHIQIZA NOKUPHILA KWANSUKU ZONKE
Ukukhiqiza kubalulekile empilweni yethu yansuku zonke. Izinto esizithintayo, esizithembela kuzo, esizijabulelayo nesizisebenzisa nsuku zonke zidinga ukukhiqiza.
Kalula nje, ngaphandle kokuguqula izinto zokusetshenziswa zibe izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, bekungeke kube khona izinto zikagesi, izinto zikagesi, izimoto, neminye imikhiqizo eyenza impilo isebenze kahle, iphephe futhi ibe lula kakhudlwana.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-03-2025
