Ukufika kwale chip kwashintsha inkambo yokuthuthukiswa kwe-chip!
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970, ama-8-bit processors ayesewubuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, futhi izinqubo ze-CMOS zazisesimweni esingesihle emkhakheni we-semiconductor. Onjiniyela bakwa-AT&T Bell Labs bathathe isinyathelo esinesibindi sokuya esikhathini esizayo, behlanganisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza ze-CMOS ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezingu-3.5-micron kanye nezakhiwo ezintsha ze-32-bit processor emzamweni wokudlula izimbangi ekusebenzeni kwe-chip, ukudlula i-IBM ne-Intel.
Nakuba ukusungulwa kwabo, i-Bellmac-32 microprocessor, yehlulekile ukuzuza impumelelo yezentengiselwano yemikhiqizo yangaphambili efana ne-Intel 4004 (ekhishwe ngo-1971), ithonya layo lalijulile. Namuhla, ama-chips cishe kuwo wonke ama-smartphones, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, namathebulethi ancike ezimisweni ezihambisanayo ze-metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) eziqalwe yi-Bellmac-32.
Iminyaka yawo-1980 yayisondela, futhi i-AT&T yayizama ukuziguqula. Sekungamashumi eminyaka isiqhwaga sezokuxhumana esiteketiswa ngokuthi "Umama Bell" sasiphethe ibhizinisi lezokuxhumana ngezwi e-United States, futhi inkampani engaphansi kwayo i-Western Electric yakhiqiza cishe zonke izingcingo ezivamile emakhaya nasemahhovisi aseMelika. Uhulumeni wobumbano waseMelika unxuse ukuthi kuhlakazwe ibhizinisi le-AT&T ngezizathu zokungathembeki, kodwa i-AT&T yabona ithuba lokungena emkhakheni wamakhompyutha.
Njengoba izinkampani zamakhompyutha sezivele zisungulwe kahle emakethe, i-AT&T yakuthola kunzima ukubamba; isu layo kwakuwukugxuma isele, kanti iBellmac-32 yayiwumthombo wayo.
Umndeni we-chip we-Bellmac-32 uhlonishwe ngendondo ye-IEEE Milestone Award. Imicimbi yokwembula izoba kulo nyaka ekhempasini yakwaNokia Bell Labs eMurray Hill, eNew Jersey, naseMnyuziyamu Womlando Wekhompyutha eMountain View, eCalifornia.
I-CHIP ENGEYIDWA
Kunokulandela indinganiso yomkhakha yama-chips angu-8-bit, abaphathi be-AT&T baphonsele inselelo onjiniyela be-Bell Labs ukuthi bathuthukise umkhiqizo oshintshashintshayo: i-microprocessor yokuqala yezentengiso ekwazi ukudlulisa amabhithi wedatha angu-32 ngomjikelezo wewashi elilodwa. Lokhu kwakungadingi nje kuphela i-chip entsha kodwa nesakhiwo esisha—esingaphatha ukushintsha kwezokuxhumana futhi sisebenze njengomgogodla wezinhlelo zekhompuyutha zesikhathi esizayo.
"Asakhi nje i-chip esheshayo," kusho uMichael Condry, ohola iqembu labadwebi bezakhiwo eBell Labs' Holmdel, eNew Jersey, esikhungweni. "Sizama ukuklama i-chip engakwazi ukusekela kokubili izwi nokubala."
Ngaleso sikhathi, ubuchwepheshe be-CMOS babubonwa njengendlela ethembisayo kodwa eyingozi kumiklamo ye-NMOS ne-PMOS. Ama-NMOS chips athembele ngokuphelele kuma-transistors ohlobo lwe-N, ayeshesha kodwa elambile amandla, kuyilapho ama-PMOS chips athembele ekunyakazeni kwezimbobo ezishajwe kahle, okwakuhamba kancane kakhulu. I-CMOS isebenzise idizayini eyingxube ekhulisa isivinini ngenkathi yonga amandla. Izinzuzo ze-CMOS zaziphoqelela kangangokuthi imboni yasheshe yaqaphela ukuthi ngisho noma idinga ama-transistors aphindwe kabili (i-NMOS ne-PMOS esangweni ngalinye), bekufanelekile.
Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe be-semiconductor obuchazwe uMthetho kaMoore, izindleko zokuphindwa kabili kwe-transistor density zalawuleka futhi zagcina zinganakwa. Kodwa-ke, lapho iBell Labs iqala lo kugembula okuyingozi kakhulu, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza be-CMOS obukhulu abuzange bufakazelwe futhi nezindleko zaziphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa.
Lokhu akuzange kuthuse iBell Labs. Le nkampani yasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bamakhampasi ayo e-Holmdel, Murray Hill, naseNaperville, e-Illinois, futhi yahlanganisa "ithimba lamaphupho" lonjiniyela be-semiconductor. Ithimba lalihlanganisa u-Condrey, u-Steve Conn, inkanyezi ekhulayo ekwakhiweni kwe-chip, u-Victor Huang, omunye umklami we-microprocessor, kanye nenqwaba yezisebenzi ezivela ku-AT&T Bell Labs. Baqala ukwenza kahle inqubo entsha ye-CMOS ngo-1978 futhi bakhe i-microprocessor engu-32-bit kusukela ekuqaleni.
Qala nge-design architecture
U-Condrey wayekade eyi-IEEE Fellow futhi kamuva wasebenza njenge-Intel's Chief Technology Officer. Ithimba lezokwakha alihola lazibophezela ekwakheni isistimu eyayisekela isistimu yokusebenza ye-Unix kanye nolimi C. Ngaleso sikhathi, kokubili ulimi lwe-Unix no-C lwalusencane, kodwa lwaluhloselwe ukubusa. Ukuze weqe umkhawulo wenkumbulo obaluleke kakhulu wamakhilobhayithi (KB) ngaleso sikhathi, bethula isethi yemiyalo eyinkimbinkimbi eyayidinga izinyathelo ezimbalwa zokwenza futhi ingaqeda imisebenzi phakathi nomjikelezo wewashi elilodwa.
Onjiniyela baphinde baklama ama-chips asekela ibhasi elihambisana ne-VersaModule Eurocard (VME), elinika amandla ikhompyutha esabalalisiwe futhi livumele ama-node amaningi ukuthi acubungule idatha ngokuhambisana. Ama-chips ahambisana ne-VME nawo awenza akwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukulawula isikhathi sangempela.
Ithimba libhale eyalo inguqulo ye-Unix futhi layinika amakhono esikhathi sangempela ukuze liqinisekise ukuhambisana ne-automation yezimboni kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifanayo. Onjiniyela beBell Labs baphinde basungula i-domino logic, ekhuphule isivinini sokucubungula ngokunciphisa ukubambezeleka kumasango anengqondo ayinkimbinkimbi.
Izindlela zokuhlola ezengeziwe zokuqinisekisa zathuthukiswa futhi zethulwa ngemojula ye-Bellmac-32, iphrojekthi eyinkimbinkimbi yokuqinisekisa ama-chip amaningi eholwa u-Jen-Hsun Huang ezuze amaphutha aqandayo noma acishe abe ziro ekukhiqizeni ama-chip ayinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu bekungokokuqala emhlabeni wokuhlolwa kwesekethe edidiyelwe yesikali esikhulu kakhulu (VLSI). Onjiniyela beBell Labs bakha uhlelo oluhlelekile, bahlola ngokuphindaphindiwe umsebenzi wozakwabo, futhi ekugcineni bathola ukusebenzelana okungenazihibe phakathi kwemindeni eminingi yama-chip, okufike umvuthwandaba wabo ngohlelo oluphelele lwamakhompiyutha amancane.
Okulandelayo kuza ingxenye eyinselele kakhulu: ukwenziwa kwangempela kwe-chip.
“Ngaleso sikhathi, ukwakheka, ukuhlolwa, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obukhiqiza isivuno esikhulu babuyivelakancane kakhulu,” kukhumbula uKang, kamuva owaba umongameli weKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) kanye nozakwabo we-IEEE. Uphawula ukuthi ukuntuleka kwamathuluzi e-CAD okuqinisekisa i-chip egcwele kuphoqe ithimba ukuthi liphrinte imidwebo ye-Calcomp emikhulu. Lezi zinhlelo zibonisa indlela ama-transistors, izintambo, nezixhumi ezixhunywayo okufanele zihlelwe ngayo ngaphakathi kwe-chip ukuze zinikeze okukhiphayo okufunayo. Ithimba labahlanganisela phansi ngeteyiphu, benza umdwebo omkhulu wesikwele ongaphezu kwamamitha ayisi-6 ohlangothini. U-Kang nozakwabo badwebe ngesandla isekethe ngayinye ngamapensela anemibala, befuna ukuxhumana okuphukile nokuxhuma okugqagqene noma okungaphathwa ngendlela efanele.
Lapho umklamo womzimba usuqediwe, iqembu labhekana nenye inselele: ukukhiqiza. Ama-chips akhiqizwa embonini ye-Western Electric e-Allentown, e-Pennsylvania, kodwa u-Kang ukhumbula ukuthi izinga lokukhiqiza (iphesenti lama-chips ku-wafer elihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokusebenza nekhwalithi) laliphansi kakhulu.
Ukubhekana nalokhu, uKang nozakwabo babeshayela beya esitshalweni besuka eNew Jersey nsuku zonke, besonga imikhono benza noma yini edingekayo, okuhlanganisa ukushanela phansi kanye nokulinganisa imishini yokuhlola, ukwakha ubungane nokuqinisekisa wonke umuntu ukuthi umkhiqizo oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu isitshalo esake sazama ukuwukhiqiza ngempela ungenziwa lapho.
"Uhlelo lokwakha iqembu luhambe kahle," kusho uKang. "Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, i-Western Electric ikwazile ukukhiqiza ama-chips ekhwalithi ephezulu ngamanani abedlula isidingo."
Inguqulo yokuqala ye-Bellmac-32 yakhululwa ngo-1980, kodwa yehluleka ukufeza okwakulindelwe. Imvamisa yokusebenza kwayo okuqondiwe bekuyi-2 MHz kuphela, hhayi i-4 MHz. Onjiniyela bathola ukuthi imishini yokuhlola yesimanje ye-Takeda Riken ababeyisebenzisa ngaleso sikhathi yayinephutha, inemiphumela yolayini wokudlulisela phakathi kwe-probe nekhanda lokuhlola elidala izilinganiso ezinganembile. Basebenze nethimba le-Takeda Riken ukuthuthukisa ithebula lokulungisa ukulungisa amaphutha okulinganisa.
Ama-chip e-Bellmac esizukulwane sesibili abe nesivinini sewashi esidlula u-6.2 MHz, kwesinye isikhathi esifinyelela ku-9 MHz. Lokhu kwakubhekwa njengokushesha kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Iprosesa ye-Intel 8088 eyi-16-bit eyakhishwa i-IBM ku-PC yayo yokuqala ngo-1981 yayinejubane lewashi elingu-4.77 MHz kuphela.
Kungani iBellmac-32 ingazange't ngibe yinsakavukela
Naphezu kwesithembiso sayo, ubuchwepheshe beBellmac-32 abuzange buzuze ukutholwa kwezentengiselwano okwandile. Ngokuka-Condrey, i-AT&T yaqala ukubheka umenzi wemishini i-NCR ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 futhi kamuva yaphendukela ekuthengeni, okusho ukuthi inkampani yakhetha ukusekela imigqa yomkhiqizo we-chip ehlukene. Ngaleso sikhathi, ithonya likaBellmac-32 lase liqale ukukhula.
"Ngaphambi kweBellmac-32, i-NMOS ibiphethe imakethe," kusho uCondry. "Kodwa i-CMOS iguqule isimo sezwe ngoba ibonakale iyindlela ephumelela kakhudlwana yokuyisebenzisa endwangu."
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuqaphela kwashintsha imboni ye-semiconductor. I-CMOS izoba yisisekelo sama-microprocessors esimanje, anikeze amandla uguquko lwedijithali kumadivayisi afana namakhompyutha edeskithophu nama-smartphone.
Ukuhlola ngesibindi kweBell Labs—ukusebenzisa inqubo yokukhiqiza engahloliwe futhi ehlanganisa sonke isizukulwane sokwakhiwa kwama-chip—kwakuyingqopha-mlando emlandweni wobuchwepheshe.
Njengoba uProfesa Kang ekubeka: “Sasihamba phambili kulokho okwakungenzeka. USolwazi Huang, kamuva owaba yiphini likamqondisi weSikhungo Se-Singapore SeMicroelectronics futhi ophinde abe nguMngane we-IEEE, uyanezela: “Lokhu akuhlanganisi nje kuphela ukwakhiwa kwe-chip nokuklama, kodwa futhi nokuqinisekiswa kwe-chip ngezinga elikhulu - kusetshenziswa i-CAD kodwa ngaphandle kwamathuluzi anamuhla okulingisa idijithali noma ngisho namabhodi e-breadboard (indlela evamile yokuhlola ukwakheka kwesekethe yohlelo lwe-elekthronikhi olusebenzisa ama-chips ngaphambi kokuba izingxenye zesekethe zixhumeke unomphela)
U-Condry, u-Kang no-Huang babheka emuva ngaleso sikhathi ngothando futhi bazwakalisa ukuthakasela ikhono nokuzinikela kwezisebenzi eziningi ze-AT&T imizamo yazo eyenza umndeni we-chip we-Bellmac-32 waba nokwenzeka.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-19-2025