Imboni yezinhlamvu zezimoto inezinguquko
Muva nje, ithimba lonjiniyela be-semiconductor lixoxe ngama-chips amancane, i-hybrid bonding, nezinto ezintsha no-Michael Kelly, iPhini Likamongameli we-chip encane ye-Amkor kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-FCBGA. Futhi ababambe iqhaza engxoxweni umcwaningi we-ASE uWilliam Chen, isikhulu esiphezulu se-Promex Industries u-Dick Otte, kanye no-Sander Roosendaal, uMqondisi we-R&D we-Synopsys Photonics Solutions. Ngezansi izingcaphuno zale ngxoxo.
Iminyaka eminingi, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-chips ezimoto akuzange kuthathe indawo ehamba phambili embonini. Kodwa-ke, ngokukhuphuka kwezimoto zikagesi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ze-infotainment ezithuthukisiwe, lesi simo sishintshe kakhulu. Yiziphi izinkinga ozibonile?
U-Kelly: I-ADAS Esezingeni eliphezulu (Ama-Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) idinga amaphrosesa anenqubo ye-nanometer engu-5 noma encane ukuze akwazi ukuncintisana emakethe. Uma usufaka inqubo ye-5-nanometer, kufanele ucabangele izindleko ze-wafer, okuholela ekucabangeni ngokucophelela izixazululo ze-chip ezincane, njengoba kunzima ukwenza ama-chips amakhulu ngenqubo ye-5-nanometer. Ukwengeza, isivuno siphansi, okuholela ezindlekweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Uma usebenzisana nezinqubo ezingu-5-nanometer noma ezithuthuke kakhulu, amakhasimende ngokuvamile acabangela ukukhetha ingxenye ye-5-nanometer chip esikhundleni sokusebenzisa yonke chip, kuyilapho ekhulisa utshalomali esigabeni sokupakisha. Bangase bacabange, "Ingabe kungaba inketho engabizi kakhulu ukufeza ukusebenza okudingekayo ngale ndlela, kunokuzama ukuqedela yonke imisebenzi ku-chip enkulu?" Ngakho-ke, yebo, izinkampani zezimoto ezisezingeni eliphezulu nakanjani zinaka ubuchwepheshe be-chip encane. Izinkampani ezihamba phambili embonini zikuqaphe ngeso lokhozi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nomkhakha we-computing, imboni yezimoto cishe ingemuva kweminyaka emi-2 kuya kwemi-4 ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe be-chip encane, kodwa inkambiso yokusetshenziswa kwayo emkhakheni wezimoto icacile. Imboni yezimoto inezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zokuthembeka, ngakho-ke ukuthembeka kobuchwepheshe be-chip encane kufanele kufakazelwe. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa ngezinga elikhulu kobuchwepheshe be-chip encane emkhakheni wezimoto kusendleleni.
UChen: Angizange ngiqaphele noma yiziphi izithiyo ezibalulekile. Ngicabanga ukuthi kuningi mayelana nokudinga ukufunda nokuqonda izidingo zesitifiketi ezifanele ngokujula. Lokhu kubuyela ezingeni le-metrology. Siwenza kanjani amaphakheji ahlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile zezimoto? Kodwa kuqinisekile ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obufanele buthuthuka ngokuqhubekayo.
Uma kubhekwa izinkinga eziningi ezishisayo kanye nobunzima obuhlobene nezingxenye ze-multi-die, ingabe kuzoba namaphrofayela amasha okuhlola ukucindezeleka noma izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlola? Ingabe amazinga amanje e-JEDEC angakwazi ukuhlanganisa lezi zinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe?
U-Chen: Ngikholelwa ukuthi sidinga ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuxilonga ezibanzi ukuze sihlonze ngokucacile umthombo wokwehluleka. Sixoxile ngokuhlanganisa i-metrology nokuxilonga, futhi sinesibopho sokuthola ukuthi singawakha kanjani amaphakheji aqine kakhulu, sisebenzise izinto zokwakha nezinqubo zekhwalithi ephezulu, futhi siziqinisekise.
U-Kelly: Namuhla, senza izifundo zecala namakhasimende, afunde okuthile ekuhlolweni kwezinga lesistimu, ikakhulukazi ukuhlolwa komthelela wezinga lokushisa ekuhlolweni kwebhodi elisebenzayo, okungafakwanga ekuhlolweni kwe-JEDEC. Ukuhlolwa kwe-JEDEC kuwukuhlola nje kwe-isothermal, okufaka "ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa, ukuwa, nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa." Nokho, ukusatshalaliswa kwezinga lokushisa kumaphakheji wangempela kude nalokho okwenzeka emhlabeni wangempela. Amakhasimende amaningi afuna ukwenza ukuhlolwa kwezinga lesistimu kusenesikhathi ngoba ayasiqonda lesi simo, nakuba kungebona bonke abasaziyo. Ubuchwepheshe bokulingisa nabo budlala indima lapha. Uma umuntu enekhono ekulingiseni inhlanganisela ye-thermal-mechanical, ukuhlaziya izinkinga kuba lula ngoba uyazi ukuthi yiziphi izici okufanele agxile kuzo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Ukuhlolwa kwezinga lesistimu nobuchwepheshe bokulingisa kuyaphelelisana. Nokho, lo mkhuba usaqala.
Ingabe kunezinkinga eziningi ezishisayo okufanele zixazululwe ezindaweni zobuchwepheshe ezikhulile kunangaphambili?
U-Otte: Yebo, kodwa eminyakeni embalwa edlule, izinkinga ze-coplanarity ziye zavela kakhulu. Sibona izinsika zethusi ezingu-5,000 kuya kwezingu-10,000 ku-chip, zihlukaniswe phakathi kwama-microns angu-50 nama-microns angu-127 ngokuhlukana. Uma uhlolisisa idatha efanele, uzothola ukuthi ukubeka lezi zinsika zethusi ku-substrate nokwenza imisebenzi yokufudumeza, ukupholisa, nokugeleza kabusha kwe-solder kudinga ukuzuza cishe ingxenye eyodwa ekunembeni kwe-coplanarity eyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu. Ingxenye eyodwa ekunembeni kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu ifana nokuthola inseba yotshani phakathi nobude benkundla yebhola. Sithenge amathuluzi e-Keyence asebenza kahle kakhulu ukukala ukucaba kwe-chip ne-substrate. Yiqiniso, umbuzo olandelayo ngowokuthi ungayilawula kanjani le nto yokuguquguquka phakathi nomjikelezo wokuphinda ufakwe emanzini? Lolu wudaba olucindezelayo okumele lusukunyelwe.
U-Chen: Ngikhumbula izingxoxo mayelana ne-Ponte Vecchio, lapho basebenzisa khona i-solder ephansi lokushisa ukuze kucatshangelwe umhlangano kunezizathu zokusebenza.
Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi wonke amasekhethi aseduze asenezinkinga ezishisayo, kufanele kuhlanganiswe kanjani ama-photonics kulokhu?
Roosendaal: Ukulingisa okushisayo kudinga ukwenziwa kuzo zonke izici, kanye nokukhipha imvamisa ephezulu nakho kuyadingeka ngoba amasiginali angenayo amasignali amaza aphezulu. Ngakho-ke, izingqinamba ezinjengokufaniswa kwe-impedance kanye nesisekelo esifanele zidinga ukubhekwa. Kungaba khona ama-gradients okushisa abalulekile, angaba khona ngaphakathi kwe-die uqobo noma phakathi kwalokho esikubiza ngokuthi i-"E" die (ukufa kukagesi) kanye nokufa kuka-"P" (photon die). Ngifisa ukwazi uma sidinga ukujula ezicini ezishisayo zokunamathisela.
Lokhu kuphakamisa izingxoxo mayelana nezinto zokubopha, ukukhetha kwazo, nokuzinza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kusobala ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganiswa kwe-hybrid busetshenzisiwe emhlabeni wangempela, kodwa abukasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ngobuningi. Siyini isimo samanje salobu buchwepheshe?
U-Kelly: Bonke abathintekayo ku-supply chain banaka ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganiswa kwe-hybrid. Njengamanje, lobu buchwepheshe buholwa ikakhulukazi yizisekelo, kepha izinkampani ze-OSAT (Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test) nazo zifunda ngokungathí sina izicelo zayo zezentengiselwano. Izingxenye ze-classic copper hybrid dielectric bonding ziye zaqinisekiswa isikhathi eside. Uma ukuhlanzeka kungalawuleka, le nqubo ingakhiqiza izingxenye ezinamandla kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, inezidingo zokuhlanzeka eziphakeme kakhulu, futhi izindleko zempahla enkulu ziphezulu kakhulu. Sihlangabezane nemizamo yokuqala yokufaka isicelo kulayini womkhiqizo we-AMD we-Ryzen, lapho iningi le-SRAM lalisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa i-copper hybrid. Nokho, angikawaboni amanye amakhasimende amaningi esebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe. Nakuba isemigwaqweni yobuchwepheshe yezinkampani eziningi, kubonakala sengathi kuzothatha iminyaka embalwa ngaphezulu ukuze amasudi emishini ehlobene ahlangabezane nezidingo zokuhlanzeka ezizimele. Uma ingasetshenziswa endaweni yefekthri enenhlanzeko ephansi kancane kunendwangu evamile ye-wafer, futhi uma izindleko eziphansi zingafinyelelwa, mhlawumbe lobu buchwepheshe buzothola ukunakwa okwengeziwe.
U-Chen: Ngokwezibalo zami, okungenani amaphepha angama-37 mayelana ne-hybrid bonding azokwethulwa engqungqutheleni ye-ECTC ka-2024. Lena inqubo edinga ubuchwepheshe obuningi futhi ihilela inani elibalulekile lemisebenzi emihle ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa. Ngakho lobu buchwepheshe buzobona ukusetshenziswa okubanzi. Sezikhona ezinye izimo zohlelo lokusebenza, kodwa ngokuzayo, zizodlanga kuzo zonke izinkambu ezahlukahlukene.
Uma usho "imisebenzi emihle," ubhekisela esidingweni sokutshala izimali ezibalulekile?
U-Chen: Yebo, kuhlanganisa isikhathi nobungcweti. Ukwenza lo msebenzi kudinga indawo ehlanzekile kakhulu, edinga ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezezimali. Idinga futhi imishini ehlobene, edinga uxhaso ngendlela efanayo. Ngakho lokhu akubandakanyi izindleko zokusebenza kuphela kodwa nokutshalwa kwezimali ezikhungweni.
U-Kelly: Ezimeni lapho kunezikhala zama-microns angu-15 noma ngaphezulu, kunentshisekelo enkulu ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe be-copper wafer-to-wafer technology. Ngokufanelekile, amawafa ayisicaba, futhi osayizi bama-chip abamakhulu kakhulu, okuvumela ukugeleza kabusha kwekhwalithi ephezulu kwezinye zalezi zikhala. Nakuba lokhu kuletha izinselele ezithile, kubiza kancane kakhulu kunokuzinikela kubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganiswa kwe-copper hybrid. Kodwa-ke, uma isidingo sokunemba singama-microns angu-10 noma ngaphansi, isimo siyashintsha. Izinkampani ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha ama-chip zizofinyelela izikhala zama-micron ezinedijithi eyodwa, njengama-microns angu-4 noma angu-5, futhi ayikho enye indlela. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe obufanele buzothuthuka nakanjani. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe obukhona nabo buthuthuka ngokuqhubekayo. Ngakho-ke manje sigxile emikhawulweni lapho izinsika zethusi zinganwetshwa khona nokuthi ingabe lobu buchwepheshe buzohlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuze amakhasimende abambezeleke konke ukutshalwa kwedizayini kanye "nokufaneleka" kokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganiswa kwe-copper hybrid.
U-Chen: Sizosebenzisa kuphela ubuchwepheshe obufanele uma kunesidingo.
Ingabe ziningi intuthuko entsha emkhakheni we-epoxy molding compound njengamanje?
U-Kelly: Izinhlanganisela zokubumba zibe nezinguquko eziphawulekayo. I-CTE (i-coefficient of thermal expansion) yehliswe kakhulu, okuyenza ithandeke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezifanele ngokombono wengcindezi.
U-Otte: Uma sibuyela engxoxweni yethu edlule, mangaki ama-semiconductor chips akhiqizwayo anezikhala ze-micron engu-1 noma ezi-2?
UKelly: Ingxenye ebalulekile.
U-Chen: Cishe ngaphansi kuka-1%.
U-Otte: Ngakho-ke ubuchwepheshe esixoxa ngabo abuvamile. Akukho esigabeni socwaningo, njengoba izinkampani ezihamba phambili zisebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe, kodwa zibiza futhi zinesivuno esincane.
Kelly: Lokhu kusetshenziswa kakhulu kukhompyutha esebenza kahle kakhulu. Kulezi zinsuku, ayisetshenziswa ezikhungweni zedatha kuphela kodwa nakuma-PC asezingeni eliphezulu ngisho nakumadivaysi athile aphathwayo. Nakuba la madivayisi emancane kakhulu, asenokusebenza okuphezulu. Kodwa-ke, kumongo obanzi wamaphrosesa nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-CMOS, ingxenye yawo ihlala incane uma kuqhathaniswa. Kubakhiqizi be-chip abajwayelekile, asikho isidingo sokwamukela lobu buchwepheshe.
U-Otte: Yingakho kumangalisa ukubona lobu buchwepheshe bungena embonini yezimoto. Izimoto azidingi ama-chips ukuze zibe zincane kakhulu. Zingahlala kuzinqubo ze-nanometer ezingu-20 noma ezingu-40, njengoba izindleko ze-transistor ngayinye kuma-semiconductors ziphansi kakhulu kule nqubo.
U-Kelly: Nokho, izidingo zokubala ze-ADAS noma ukushayela ukuzimela ziyefana nalezo zama-AI PC noma amadivaysi afanayo. Ngakho-ke, imboni yezimoto idinga ukutshala imali kulobu buchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu.
Uma umjikelezo womkhiqizo uyiminyaka emihlanu, ingabe ukwamukela ubuchwepheshe obusha kunganwebisa inzuzo eminye iminyaka emihlanu?
UKelly: Iphuzu elinengqondo kakhulu lelo. Imboni yezimoto inenye i-engeli. Cabangela izilawuli ze-servo ezilula noma izisetshenziswa ezilula ze-analogi ezineminyaka engu-20 zikhona futhi zinezindleko eziphansi kakhulu. Basebenzisa ama-chips amancane. Abantu abasembonini yezimoto bafuna ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa le mikhiqizo. Bafuna kuphela ukutshala imali kumadivayisi ekhompuyutha asezingeni eliphezulu anama-chips amancane edijithali futhi ngokunokwenzeka abhangqwe nama-analog chips abiza kancane, inkumbulo ye-flash, nama-RF chips. Kubo, imodeli ye-chip encane yenza umqondo omkhulu ngoba ingagcina izingxenye eziningi zesizukulwane esidala ezibiza kancane, ezinzile, nezindala. Abafuni ukushintsha lezi zingxenye futhi abafuni ukushintsha. Bese, badinga nje ukwengeza i-chip encane engu-5-nanometer noma engu-3-nanometer ukuze bafeze imisebenzi yengxenye ye-ADAS. Eqinisweni, basebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-chips amancane emkhiqizweni owodwa. Ngokungafani ne-PC kanye nezinkambu zekhompiyutha, imboni yezimoto inohlu oluhlukahlukene lwezinhlelo zokusebenza.
U-Chen: Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawa ma-chips akudingeki afakwe eduze kwenjini, ngakho-ke izimo zemvelo zingcono kakhulu.
UKelly: Izinga lokushisa lemvelo ezimotweni liphezulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngisho noma amandla e-chip engekho phezulu kakhulu, imboni yezimoto kufanele itshale izimali ezithile ezixazululweni ezinhle zokuphatha okushisayo futhi ingase icabangele nokusebenzisa i-indium TIM (izinto zesixhumi esishisayo) ngoba izimo zemvelo zinzima kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-28-2025